Abstract Membrane distillation (MD) is an emerging desalination technology that exploits phase change to separate water vapor from saline based on low-grade energy. As MD membranes come into contact with saline for days or weeks during desalination. membrane pores have to be sufficiently small (typically 11. 5 bar) without compromising vapor transport. https://unitedssports.shop/product-category/bike-parts-derailleurs-front/